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Electric Trams

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ISE offers all-electric drive systems for vehicle applications where this type of propulsion is practical, such as for trams of the type used at many theme parks and zoos, which do not have to travel long distances or at high speeds. In 2000-2001, ISE developed an electric tram (picutured below), in collaboration with Trams International, resulting in the successful deployment of two tram systems at the Anaheim Convention Center, across the street from Disneyland. More recently, ISE submitted a proposal with Trams International to develop a much larger tram system for the San Diego Wild Animal Park.

In the tram pictured beside, the power car at the front of the tram uses a single 50 horsepower drive motor to pull the power car and up to two separate passenger trailers. Energy for the tram is supplied by sealed lead-acid batteries stored in containers in the front and rear of each passenger trailer. Each passenger trailer has 48 batteries - 24 in the front and 24 in the rear.

High voltage cables underneath the trailers carry 600 volt DC power from the batteries to the main electric power distribution center in the power car. From there, power is routed to the main drive motor and to other vehicle accessories requiring power, such as the lights and public address system.

The tram is plugged into a normal electrical outlet each night to recharge its batteries. Using four separate outlets and charger modules, all 96 batteries in the two passenger trailers can be fully recharged in about six hours. The tram can then travel more than 50 miles before it needs to be recharged. The main body of the tram was built by Trams International of Paramount, California. The power car and its two trailers can carry a total of 74 seated passengers. The tram's top speed is 15 miles per hour. Two complete tram systems were built for the City of Anaheim to use at the Anaheim Convention Center

The ElecTram propulsion system developed by ISE is ideal for carrying people relatively short distances in off-road environments such as parks and resorts. Key benefits of the ElecTram transportation technology include the following:

  • Zero Emissions. Each tram system can eliminate several tons of harmful emissions every year, as compared with conventional buses.
  • High Efficiency. The tram uses an AC-induction motor, which provides high efficiency and also helps recapture energy during braking. This "regenerative braking" process uses the inertia of the motor to help stop the tram, extending the range of the tram system by 20-30%. It also greatly reduces brake wear.
  • Ease of Operation. The ElecTram-powered trams never need to be refueled, and have no engines requiring oil changes or overhauls.

The ElecTram propulsion system, whose development was partially funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, uses several experimental technologies to designed to increase vehicle performance. Experimental components on the tram include:

  • Dual Battery System. In addition to the 96 batteries in the passenger trailers, there are 48 small batteries in the power car, which help to maximize the benefits of regenerative braking. This dual battery system also improves tram acceleration.
  • Voltage Measurement System. The tram uses an advanced voltage measurement system to calculate how much energy is left in the batteries. This system helps make regenerative braking and overnight charging more efficient, and helps extend the life of the batteries.
  • High Voltage DC-to-DC Converter. The tram uses an advanced DC-to-DC converter to convert the 600 volts of DC power supplied by the batteries to the 12 volt power needed by the tram's low voltage accessories such as power-assisted steering and braking, headlights, and public address system. Operating the tram at high voltage power reduces the amount of electrical current needed to generate power, which helps improve overall vehicle efficiency.

in 2004, ISE plans to upgrade its tram design to use Zebra Nickel Sodium Chloride batteries, which weigh less than half as much as lead-acid batteries and are expected to last at least twice as long. ISE is also developing hybrid-electric variants of its tram drive system that provide additional power and extend operating range by using a clean-burning engine and generator to augment the battery storage system.

 
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